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Bibliografía - inglés

Global Spanish(es) in a global city: linguistic diversity among learners of Spanish in London

Darren Paffey (2019)

En Journal of Spanish Language Teaching 6.2

This article considers the role of Spanish as a global language by examining its use in London, a global, multilingual and superdiverse city, where Spanish has no official status. I consider how pluricentric norms, panhispanism, and the emerging Nueva Política Lingüística Panhispánica (NPLP) find expression. In particular, I ask how regional and national varieties of Spanish are perceived by L1 and L2 learners and how these attitudes construct local language ideologies held by different actors. I profile two institutions where language ideologies and linguistic practice can be examined. These are: (1) an international Spanish–English bilingual school run as part of Spain’s diplomatic mission; and (2) a language school backed by the Spanish government. I argue that the NPLP is not just about the traditional “pillars” of Spanish language standardization (dictionaries, grammar, and orthography) but must also be negotiated through localized language policies outside of the “official” Spanish-speaking world.

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Este artículo analiza el papel del español como lengua global y examina su uso en Londres, una ciudad global, multilingüe y superdiversa, donde el español no tiene estatus oficial. En el análisis, se considera cómo se articulan las normas pluricéntricas, el panhispanismo y la emergente Nueva Política Lingüística Panhispánica (NPLP). En particular, se investiga cómo se perciben las variedades regionales y nacionales del español entre los aprendices de L1 y L2 y cómo estas actitudes construyen ideologías lingüísticas locales sostenidas por diferentes actores sociales. El estudio se centra en dos instituciones donde se puede examinar las ideologías y las prácticas lingüísticas: 1) un colegio internacional bilingüe español-inglés dirigido como parte de la misión diplomática de España y 2) un centro de idiomas fundado por el gobierno español. Tal y como se explica, la NPLP no alcanza solamente a los “pilares” tradicionales de la estandarización de la lengua española (diccionarios, gramática y ortografía), sino que también debe negociarse a través de políticas lingüísticas localizadas fuera del mundo hispanohablante “oficial”.

Google Translate search strategies used by learners of Spanish L3: A complex lexico-morpho-syntactic weave of trial and error

Kent Fredholm (2021)

En Estudios de Lingüística Aplicada 72

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This article presents a study on Google Translate search strategies among 16 Swedish senior high school students (age 17–18) engaging in writing tasks during their sixth year studying Spanish L3. The students wrote on laptops with Internet access and were allowed to use Google Translate to search for Spanish words. Analyses of approximately 43 hours of screen recordings covering the writing of 57 essays reveal a complex weave of Google Translate search strategies performed in Swedish, English, and Spanish. The strategies combine lexical and morphosyntactic searches, ranging from single words to longer sequences of words. The searches were frequently characterised by trial-and-error-based approaches that comprised numerous control translations of already known words. The observations also reveal search behaviors interpreted as lack of trust among the students in the search results and in their own language skills.

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Este artículo presenta un estudio sobre las estrategias de búsqueda en el traductor de Google empleadas por un grupo de 16 estudiantes suecos del bachillerato (17 a 18 años de edad) en ejercicios de redacción realizados durante su sexto año de estudios de español L3. Los estudiantes utilizaron ordenadores portátiles con acceso a internet y podían usar el traductor de Google para buscar palabras en español. El análisis de aproximadamente 43 horas de grabación de las pantallas durante la escritura de 57 ensayos reveló una compleja trama de estrategias de búsqueda en sueco, inglés y español. Las estrategias incluyeron búsquedas léxicas y morfosintácticas, desde palabras sueltas hasta secuencias más largas. Las búsquedas frecuentemente se caracterizaron por seguir métodos de prueba y error que incluían numerosas traducciones de control de palabras que los estudiantes ya conocían. Las observaciones evidenciaron también ciertos comportamientos en la búsqueda que pueden interpretarse como falta de confianza de los estudiantes en los resultados de su búsqueda así como en su propio conocimiento de la lengua.

Grammatical gender processing in L2 speakers of Spanish

Lauren Halberstadt, Jorge R. Valdés Kroff, Paola E. Dussias (2018)

En Journal of Second Language Studies 1:1

Recent findings indicate that native speakers (L1) use grammatical gender marking on articles to facilitate the processing of upcoming nouns. Conversely, adult second language (L2) learners for whom grammatical gender is absent in their first language appear to need near-native proficiency to behave like native speakers. The question addressed here is whether sensitivity to grammatical gender in L2 learners of Spanish is modulated by the cognate status of nouns due to their heightened parallel orthographic, phonological, morpho-syntactic and semantic activation. Additionally, the role of transparent and non-transparent word-final gender marking cues was examined because past studies have shown that native speakers of Spanish are sensitive to differences in gender transparency. Participants were English learners of Spanish and Spanish monolingual speakers. Data were collected using the visual world paradigm. Participants saw 2-picture visual scenes in which objects either matched in gender (same-gender trials) or mismatched (different-gender trials). Targets were embedded in the preamble Encuentra el/la ___ ‘Find the ___’. The monolingual group displayed an anticipatory effect on different gender trials, replicating past studies that show that native speakers use grammatical gender information encoded in prenominal modifiers predictively. The learners were able to use gender information on the articles to facilitate processing, but only when the nouns had gender endings that were transparent. Cognate status did not confer an advantage during grammatical gender processing

Handbook of Pragmatics Online

VV. AA. (2003)

"The Handbook of Pragmatics Online provides up-to-date information on research in the field of linguistic pragmatics, conceived as the interdisciplinary (cognitive, social, and cultural) science of natural language use. This electronic encyclopaedia of one of the major fields of language studies is a continuously updatable source of state-of-the-art information for anyone interested in language use. The Handbook of Pragmatics Online is variously searchable and flexible to meet the needs of both beginners and established scholars in the field.

It consists of topical articles (from anaphora and bilingualism to codeswitching, cohesion, discourse markers, implicitness, mass media, negation, social institutions, and terms of address) and brief biographies of eminent scholars (such as Austin, Bühler, Grice, Morris, Sapir).

In addition, it offers an extensive overview of research traditions that belong or have contributed to pragmatics (from accommodation theory, analytical philosophy and anthropological linguistics, to cognitive linguistics, construction grammar, conversation analysis, discourse analysis, literary pragmatics, neurolinguistics, psycholinguistics, relevance theory, sociolinguistics, speech act theory, and universal and transcendental pragmatics, to name just a few), of research methods (from contrastive analysis and corpus analysis to ethnography, experimentation, logical analysis, statistics, and taxonomy), and of notation systems (from formal semantics to transcription systems for spoken discourse)."

Handbook of Research on the Influence and Effectiveness of Gamification in Education

Oscar Bernardes, Vanessa Amorim, Antonio Carrizo Moreira (2022)

"The Handbook of Research on the Influence and Effectiveness of Gamification in Education considers the importance of gamification in the current learning environment and discusses the best practices, opportunities, and challenges of this innovative technology within an educational setting. Covering a wide range of critical topics such as engagement, serious games, and escape rooms, this major reference work is essential for policymakers, academicians, administrators, scholars, researchers, practitioners, instructors, and students."

Table of contents
Preface

Heritage language learners’ written texts across pair types and interaction mode

Julio Torres (2023)

En Language Teaching Research 27 - 1

Task-based research has investigated the learning opportunities (e.g. language related episodes) that emerge during heritage and second language learner interactions during writing tasks. However, to date, it is unknown how these peer interactions involving heritage language learners contribute to written texts. Further, given the rise of social technologies in educational settings, a need exists to examine how interactions in digital platforms affect the production of written texts. To address these issues, 13 heritage-second language learner and 16 heritage–heritage learner pairs enrolled in advanced Spanish content courses completed two distinct versions of writing tasks. Participants were instructed that they were hired as business consultants for clothing and cellphone companies in Spain. While each participant wrote her or his own version, the pairs had to interact to compose formal business letters in Spanish to the CEO of each company justifying the hiring (Task A) or laying off (Task B) of employees. The main results first revealed that heritage–heritage pairs produced more syntactically complex business letters, as evidenced by a greater ratio of syntactic subordination along with a minor trend of greater morphosyntactic accuracy. Second, synchronous computer-mediated communication interactions led to a higher production of syntactic coordination, especially for the heritage-second language pairs. Findings are discussed in light of the interplay between learner factors and task environment.

How do our brains process speech?

Gareth Gaskell (2020)

En TED-Ed

The average 20-year-old knows between 27,000 and 52,000 different words. Spoken out loud, most of these words last less than a second. With every word, the brain has a quick decision to make: which of those thousands of options matches the signal? And about 98% of the time, the brain chooses the correct word. How is this possible? Gareth Gaskell digs into the complexities of speech comprehension.

How Does The Brain Develop Language?

Steven Pinker (2022)

En Qualia

Steven Pinker shares his expertise on how the brain develops language while shedding light on how children, in particular, acquire language at a young age.

How teacher behaviour shapes foreign language learners’ enjoyment, anxiety and attitudes/motivation: A mixed modelling longitudinal investigation

Jean-Marc Dewaele, Kazuya Saito, Florentina Halimi (2022)

En Language Teaching Research

The current study investigates how foreign language enjoyment (FLE), foreign language classroom anxiety (FLCA) and attitude/motivation (AM) of 360 learners of English, German, French and Spanish in a Kuwaiti university was shaped over the course of one semester by three teacher behaviours: frequency of using the foreign language (FL) in class, predictability and frequency of joking. Linear mixed modelling revealed a positive relationship between the three teacher behaviours and FLE as well as AM, but no significant relationship emerged with FLCA. Multiple comparison analyses showed that levels of FLE dropped significantly among students whose teacher joked very infrequently and infrequently. It thus seems that the absence of teacher jokes had a delayed cumulative effect on FLE. No interaction effects were found with time for FLCA and for AM. We conclude that teacher behaviours affect both AM and FLE, and that frequency of joking actually shapes FLE over time.

How to Read Difficult Books

Daniel T. Willingham (2023)

En American Educator 47 - 2

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Learning by reading is a substantial challenge, but with a few strategies under your belt, you can be much more successful in connecting the ideas as the author hoped you will.

How to Remember Anything Forever-ish

Nicky Case (2018)

Presentación interactiva sobre la repetición espaciada como método para memorizar. Se muestra su funcionamiento de una manera muy clara.

Implementation of an integrated intercultural literary pedagogy intervention in Spanish-as-a-foreign-language classrooms in the Netherlands: An effect study at the secondary level

Esther Schat, Ewout van der Knaap, Rick de Graaff (2023)

En Language Teaching Research

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In today’s globalized world, teaching intercultural competence in educational contexts is of great importance. The potential of foreign language literary texts has been emphasized repeatedly. The present study investigates the value of a content and language integrated learning (CLIL) approach to the teaching of literature in foreign language classrooms for the simultaneous development of intercultural competence and foreign language reading proficiency. An intervention based on integrated intercultural literary pedagogy (IILP) was developed. This longitudinal quasi-experimental study examined the effects of the IILP treatment in a sample of 274 Dutch secondary school students (from seven schools) who were learning Spanish as a foreign language using a switch replication design with two conditions. Three Spanish novels were read in both conditions in two consecutive school years. For the experimental condition, students performed dialogical tasks based on IILP pedagogical principles; for the control condition, the tasks consisted of comprehensive reading questions. Multilevel analysis of the data revealed that the students in the experimental condition significantly improved their intercultural competence when compared with the students in the control condition. For reading proficiency, main effects were found in both conditions. The results demonstrate that a CLIL approach adds considerably to intercultural development; a broad inclusion of literary texts in foreign language teaching environments is therefore recommended.

Implementation of task-based language teaching in a Spanish language program: Instructors’ and students’ perceptions

Xavier Gutiérrez (2024)

En Language Teaching Research

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Most research on task-based language teaching (TBLT) has focused on specific factors that play a role in task-based performance and learning, whereas considerably fewer studies have paid attention to how TBLT curricula have been developed and delivered in second language (L2) teaching contexts. However, it has been argued that the latter type of evaluative inquiry is crucial in order to advance the educational significance of the approach. While more evaluation studies have been published in recent years, few of them adopt a multi-methodological, longitudinal and cyclical perspective. The current study examines the planning and implementation of task-based instruction in a university-level Spanish as a foreign language program over a five-year period, with a particular emphasis on instructors’ and students’ perceptions about the approach. Data sources consisted of notes from meetings with instructors, classroom observations, students’ perceptions collected through journals, focus groups and questionnaires, and instructors’ perceptions collected through a questionnaire. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of these data revealed critical aspects of the planning phase, positive and challenging components of the approach, modifications made in response to participants’ perceptions, as well as a gradual increase regarding the level of acceptance of task-based instruction throughout the implementation. Implications for the implementation and evaluation of TBLT in other second language educational contexts are discussed.

Improving linguistic and cultural competence in the health sector: a medical Spanish curriculum for resident physicians

Avik Chatterjee, Li Qin, María de la Paz García, Jaideep S. Talwalkar (2015)

En Journal of Spanish Language Teaching 2.1

Existing medical Spanish curricula have improved language skills, but are incompatible with resident-physician schedules, and do not always integrate cultural education. A 2009 survey at our institution revealed that residents saw Spanish-speaking patients regularly and wanted a medical Spanish curriculum designed for them. Our objective was to improve medical Spanish and cultural competency among resident physicians at our institution. Kramsch's (1998) principle of combining language and cultural instruction, Gardner's (1983) theory of multiple intelligences, and the American Council for the Teaching of Foreign Languages 5Cs provided a framework for the self-directed curriculum, which consisted of nine-month long modules with online and in-person grammar, vocabulary, listening comprehension and conversation practice. We conducted pre-intervention, midterm and final assessments of language and cultural competency. We found moderate correlations between the number of modules completed and self-reported fluency, understanding of health-related cultural beliefs, and change in receptive language. While revisions are necessary, we found a self-directed resident medical Spanish curriculum, combining language and cultural instruction, to be feasible.

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Los planes actuales de estudio de español para médicos que existen han contribuido a mejorar las habilidades lingüísticas del personal sanitario. Sin embargo, son en su mayor parte incompatibles con los horarios de los médicos residentes y frecuentemente no incluyen formación cultural. En 2009, una encuesta realizada en nuestra institución mostró que los médicos veían a pacientes hispanohablantes regularmente y deseaban un plan de estudio de español diseñado para ellos. Nuestro objetivo era mejorar el español médico y el entendimiento cultural de este grupo. El principio de Kramsch (1998) de combinar instrucción lingüística y formación cultural, la teoría de Gardner (1983) de las inteligencias múltiples, y las 5C del American Council for the Teaching of Foreign Languages nos guiaron para formar el plan de estudio, que consistía en nueve módulos de gramática, vocabulario y práctica de conversación en línea y en persona. Se llevaron a cabo evaluaciones de competencia lingüística y cultural preliminares, a mitad de programa y finales. Encontramos correlaciones moderadas entre el número de módulos completados y el nivel de fluidez reportado, la comprensión de las creencias culturales relacionadas con la salud, y la capacidad de entendimiento del lenguaje. Aunque el curso amerita revisiones, constatamos que el desarrollo de un currículum autogestionado de español para médicos residentes es factible.

Improving Spanish classroom assessment via logistic regression: lessons from the Rasch model

Glen H. Wallace (2020)

En Journal of Spanish Language Teaching 7.1

Each year in the United States, hundreds of thousands of undergraduate students enroll in introductory Spanish courses. For many students, passing these classes is a prerequisite for graduation. Consequently, it is imperative that the exams used in these courses are of the highest possible quality. For decades, the Rasch model (a special case of logistic regression) has been used to evaluate high-stakes language assessment, but has rarely been applied to exams used in classrooms. The current study employs the Rasch model to evaluate a midterm exam administered in the fourth week of an introductory Spanish class (n = 399 across 17 sections). This model identifies which questions best evaluate students at different proficiency levels and shows that the test reliably assigns scores near the pass-fail cutoff. The results of this study suggest that for this sample, items testing article-noun agreement were the most appropriate for the average student.

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Cada año en EE.UU. cientos de miles de estudiantes universitarios se matriculan en clases de español LE/L2 de nivel elemental. Para muchos estudiantes aprobar estas clases es un requisito para la graduación. Por lo tanto, resulta imprescindible que los exámenes sean de la mejor calidad posible. Durante décadas, se ha usado el modelo de Rasch para evaluar exámenes estandarizados. No obstante, dicho modelo apenas se ha empleado con exámenes de clase. Este estudio toma como base el modelo de Rasch para evaluar un examen de una clase de español elemental (n = 399 en 17 secciones). El modelo indica qué preguntas sirven para evaluar mejor a los estudiantes con diferentes niveles de competencia y demuestra que este tipo de examen puede identificar de manera fiable a los estudiantes con el riesgo de suspender. Los resultados del estudio sugieren que, a partir de la muestra analizada, las preguntas sobre la concordancia entre artículo y sustantivo son las más apropiadas para el estudiante medio.