Bibliografía

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El Marco Común de Competencia Digital Docente es un marco de referencia para el diagnóstico y la mejora de las competencias digitales del profesorado. Estas competencias digitales se definen como competencias que necesitan desarrollar los docentes del siglo XXI para la mejora de su práctica educativa y para el desarrollo profesional continuo. El Marco Común de Competencia Digital Docente se compone de 5 áreas competenciales y 21 competencias estructuradas en 6 niveles competenciales, de manejo. Cada una de estas competencias ofrece una descripción detallada, así como descriptores basados en términos de conocimientos, capacidades y actitudes. Este Marco es la base del Portfolio de la Competencia Digital Docente, instrumento digital de INTEF para la acreditación de dicha competencia.

Guía para el aprendizaje de la integración dela tecnología educativa en el aula de español como lengua extranjera (ELE) compuesta por ocho capítulos y que tiene como hilo conductor el Marco Común de Competencia Digital Docente, que resulta útil tanto para el diagnóstico como para la mejora de las competencias digitales del profesorado. 

El Marco Común de Competencia Digital Docente ha sido elaborado a través del Instituto Nacional de Tecnologías Educativas y de Formación del Profesorado (INTEF). Es una adaptación del Marco Europeo de Competencia Digital para el Ciudadano y del Marco Europeo de Competencia Digital para Educadores, y se divide en cinco áreas competenciales que constituyen la esencia de este manual: información y alfabetización informacional, comunicación y colaboración, creación de contenidos digitales, seguridad y resolución de problemas. Cada una de estas áreas se divide a su vez en una serie de competencias y para cada una de ellas se han establecido seis niveles progresivos de manejo:A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 y C2, homónimos de los niveles del Marco Común Europeo de Referencia para las Lenguas. 

El objetivo de este manual es que el lector adquiera un nivel avanzado, C1 o C2, en cada una de las 21 competencias delas que consta el Marco Común de Competencia Digital Docente. Para conseguir dicho objetivo, en cada uno de los ocho capítulos se encuentran los siguientes elementos, facilitadores del aprendizaje:
- Información conceptual necesaria para la comprensión global de la integración de la tecnología educativa en el aula ELE.
- Ejercicios  para ser realizados durante la lectura del manual, que además de fomentar la comprensión, requieren de procesos cognitivos superiores tales como la aplicación, el análisis, la evaluación y la creación, imprescindibles para el desarrollo de las competencias abordadas.
- Herramientas digitales educativas cuya exploración durante la lectura del manual permitirá al aprendiz desarrollar las distintas competencias del Marco Común de Competencia Digital Docente.
- Ejemplos de actividades de aprendizaje  para implementar directa-mente en el aula introduciendo las variaciones requeridas por el contexto educativo del profesorado, que permitirán una puesta en práctica en el aula rápida y efectiva. Todos estos elementos proporcionan una experiencia de aprendizaje más allá de la mera lectura que culminará con un uso eficiente y apropiado de la tecnología en el aula de español como lengua extranjera. 
(Descripción basada en la introducción al libro escrita por Sonia Pamplona Roche)

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Índice
1) Contexto de la sociedad tecnológica: TRIC, TAC, TEP.
2) El cambio metodológico como clave de la transformación en el aula.
3) Navegando en busca del input válido. Área 1 de la competencia digital, “Información y alfabetización informacional”.
4) Interacción en redes. Área 2 de la competencia digital, “Comunicación y colaboración”.
5) Productos transmedia y artefactos digitales: el estudiante como creador. Área 3 de la competencia digital, “Creación de contenidos digitales”.
6) Ecología digital. Área 4 de la competencia digital, “Seguridad”.
7) El aula y fuera del aula. Área 5 de la competencia digital, “Resolución de problemas”.
8) Conclusiones y ámbito de investigación. 

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Cada tipo de interacción oral requiere una gestión diferenciada de los turnos de habla y también el uso de unidades distintas de la lengua. Esta variedad discursiva y lingüística se practica en la clase de español como lengua extranjera (LE/L2) para su aprendizaje, pero no se sabe de forma fehaciente con qué resultados. Esta investigación es pionera al comparar tres tipos de actividades de interacción oral en el aula de español LE/L2 (relatos, discusiones y negociaciones) con el objetivo de conocer cómo inician los estudiantes su turno de habla cuando participan en ellas. Se analizan cualitativa y cuantitativamente 24 interacciones. Los resultados muestran que los exponentes pragmático-discursivos de inicio de turno constituyen un repertorio básico usado con funciones variadas según el tipo de interacción oral practicada en el aula. Se concluye que es necesario ampliar el repertorio de estos recursos para adecuarlos al nivel de competencia lingüística de los estudiantes.

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Each type of spoken interaction requires different turn-taking strategies and the use of different language resources. Although there is a variety in the spoken discourses practised for learning purposes in the Spanish as a second language (LE/L2) classroom, it is not known the differences in the interactions produced by the students. This research is innovative in comparing three types of spoken interaction activities in the Spanish as LE/L2 classroom (describing experience, informal discussions and goal-oriented cooperations) to observe how students initiate their turn when they participate in them. Twenty-four interactions are analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results show that the pragmatic-discursive turn initiation exponents are constituted by a basic repertoire, used with varied functions according to the type of spoken interaction practised in the classroom. The findings indicate the necessity to expand the repertoire of exponents to adapt them to the students’ level of linguistic competence.

Will Baker (2022)

The central aim of language teaching is typically to prepare learners to communicate through the language learnt. However, much current language teaching theory and practice is based on a simplistic view of communication that fails to match the multilingual and intercultural reality of the majority of second language (L2) use. This Element examines the relationship between language and culture through an L2 in intercultural and transcultural communication. It puts forward the argument that we need to go beyond communicative competence in language teaching and focus instead on intercultural and transcultural awareness. Implications for pedagogic practice are explored including intercultural and transcultural language education.

Table of Contents
1. Introduction – The Role of Intercultural and Transcultural Communication in Language Teaching
2. Culture and Language
3. Intercultural and Transcultural Communication
4. Intercultural and Transcultural Awareness
5. Intercultural and Transcultural Language Education
References.

This Element is a practical guide for language teachers intending to upgrade their online teaching. During the COVID-19 pandemic many teachers were forced to move their teaching online without proper preparation and support. This has led to frustration and stress, and sometimes decisions based not on sound pedagogy but on technological constraints, requirements and opportunities. To balance this negative experience, a research-based, pedagogy-focussed approach has been taken in this volume: step-by-step, teachers are shown how to make decisions about the choice and usage of online tools, how to adapt their pedagogy and teaching strategies to fit with online learning environments, and how to create a positive learning experience for their students. In six sections this Element takes teachers from epistemological considerations to learning theories, from teacher-centred to learner-centred online tuition, and from technological needs to pedagogic choice, ending with suggestions on how to future-proof language teaching.

Table of Contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Knowledge, Language and Learning
  3. Pedagogy, Fostering Online Language Learning
  4. Practicalities of Online Language Teaching
  5. Why Does It Work?
  6. Future-Proofing our Language Teaching
  • Glossary
  • Platforms, Apps, and Tools
  • References.

We present a selective review of studies on Romance languages wherein acceptability experiments played an important role in advancing our knowledge of the grammars of particular linguistic varieties and, by extension, furthering our knowledge of human language and linguistic theory. First, we examine recent studies on word order in wh-questions across varieties of Spanish. Next, we examine the value of acceptability experiments in the study of infrequent structures (e.g. clitic left-dislocation, focus fronting). We highlight the importance of data triangulation by examining studies of information focus in Spanish, emphasizing the impact that methodological choices can have on results. We also examine control and raising structures in Brazilian Portuguese, where conflicting results have required innovative methodological approaches. Since acceptability intuitions may be uniquely nuanced for minority languages, we also briefly discuss how data that is typically used in other theoretical paradigms can contribute to data triangulation with lesser-spoken Romance varieties.

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Parece evidente que, ante “el tsunami digital” que han vivido —y aún están viviendo— la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de lenguas, quienes actuamos en este sector de la educación (administraciones, centros, docentes, estudiantes, familias, editoriales, etc.) necesitamos abstraernos por un momento de esa vorágine para entender la amplitud de los cambios que se están produciendo, para evaluar su impacto y, sobre todo, para reflexionar sobre cómo deseamos que evolucione la enseñanza de las lenguas y el papel de la tecnología.
Y digo “deseamos” porque también parece evidente que esa gran ola digital ha cambiado nuestras prácticas de manera abrupta y que todos hemos respondido heroicamente adaptándonos a las nuevas circunstancias, pero quizás nos ha faltado tiempo para pensar si los modelos que se están imponiendo son los que queremos.
En este contexto, nuestras cinco editoriales, especializadas desde hace más de 30 años en la creación de materiales y en la formación de docentes de español, francés, alemán, italiano e inglés, se han propuesto participar en esa reflexión, tan necesaria, publicando la obra que tienes ante ti. En ella, conscientes de que no es fácil hablar de la digitalización de la enseñanza-aprendizaje sin recurrir a los lugares comunes, exponer obviedades o caer en lo anecdótico, hemos querido crear un espacio en el que se puedan oír las voces de seis expertos y expertas.
Así, hemos contado con la guía inestimable de Fernando Trujillo, quien, con rigor y generosidad, ha contribuido a la obra desde diferentes ángulos: ayudándonos a establecer sus objetivos y formato, sumergiéndose en la bibliografía de los otros cinco participantes, elaborando las entrevistas que se les realizaron, ejerciendo como coordinador del proyecto.
Nos gustaría destacar que estos seis especialistas provienen de sectores diversos de la educación en general y de la didáctica de las lenguas (extranjeras, segundas, maternas y de herencia) en particular. Gracias a su amplio bagaje como investigadores y formadores, aportan, en sus artículos y conversaciones, perspectivas diversas, complementarias y, sobre todo, necesarias.
La estructura de la obra intenta ser cauce de una voluntad de reflexión y diálogo. Tras la introducción de Fernando Trujillo se proponen cinco secciones con un carácter bipartito: en primer lugar, un artículo introductorio condensa la visión que cada especialista tiene de la enseñanza de lenguas mediada por la tecnología; después, una entrevista nos muestra sus perspectivas en mayor profundidad.

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Índice

Prólogo 4
Agustín Garmendia

Fernando Trujillo
Segundas lenguas y tecnología: claves para una nueva concepción de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de lenguas 6

Daniel Cassany
Nuevos roles para enseñar y aprender en contextos cambiantes 14
Una conversación con Daniel Cassany 20

Christelle Combe
Alfabetización digital, géneros digitales y enseñanza a distancia 40
Una conversación con Christelle Combe 46

Anita Ferreira
La enseñanza del español como L2 y LE mediada por la tecnología 56
Una conversación con Anita Ferreira 64

Christian Ollivier
Tareas ancladas en la vida real, ciudadanía digital y autonomía 74
Una conversación con Christian Ollivier 80

Esperanza Román-Mendoza
Sí, la pedagogía digital crítica debe contribuir a la enseñanza de lenguas segundas y de herencia 92
Una conversación con Esperanza Román-Mendoza 99

Epílogo de Fernando Trujillo
El futuro de la enseñanza de segundas lenguas: retos tecnológicos entre la utopía y la distopía 112

Referencias bibliográficas de las autoras y autores 120

The benefits of corrective feedback (CF) for second language (L2) learning are empirically attested, and multiple factors mediating CF effectiveness have been investigated. However, the timing of oral CF has received less attention given most research examines corrections provided immediately after an error. Delayed CF also warrants investigation; it occurs naturally in L2 classrooms and may be an appealing alternative in online learning contexts. Existing CF timing research shows either no significant differences between immediate and delayed CF, or advantages for immediate CF. To elucidate mixed findings, more CF timing studies are needed, especially those considering the effects of factors such as CF type, linguistic target and communication mode. Regarding communication mode, the effect of CF timing on errors made during text-based synchronous computer-mediated communication (SCMC), for instance, has received less attention. Examining text-based SCMC is important given its empirically attested benefits for L2 learning, and in some cases its advantage over face-to-face interaction for fostering CF effectiveness. Investigating the role of CF timing on errors made in text-based SCMC will contribute to efforts to maximize CF effectiveness in online learning environments, which are becoming increasingly common. In this study, 30 third-year learners of Spanish as a foreign language completed a one-way information-gap task with an interlocutor using Skype text-chat. On vocabulary errors, learners received either immediate or delayed error repetition plus recast, or no CF. Results revealed both CF groups significantly outperformed the comparison group on an oral picture description task, with no significant differences between immediate and delayed CF. Results may be due to the salience of the CF modality, type, and target.

The goal of this work was to explore the training, classroom practices, and beliefs related to pronunciation of instructors of languages other than English. While several investigations of this type have been conducted in English as a second/foreign language contexts, very little is known about the beliefs and practices of teachers of languages other than English. It is unknown whether recent shifts to focusing on intelligibility, as advocated by some pronunciation scholars, are borne out in foreign language classrooms. To fill this gap, instructors of Spanish (n = 127), French (n = 89), and German (n = 80) teaching basic language courses (i.e. the first four semesters) at 28 large (e.g. more than 15,000 students), public universities in the United States completed an online survey reporting on their training, classroom practices, and beliefs. Similar to ESL/EFL contexts, the results indicated that instructors believe it is important to incorporate pronunciation in class and that it is possible to improve pronunciation. However, the findings also indicated that instructors have goals which simultaneously prioritize intelligibility and accent reduction. Implications include the need for research on which pronunciation features influence intelligibility in languages other than English and for materials designed to target these features.

Task-based language teaching (TBLT) is an empirically investigated pedagogy that has garnered attention from language programs across the globe. TBLT provides an alternative to traditional grammar translation or present-practice-produce pedagogies by emphasizing interaction during authentic tasks. Despite several previous meta-analyses investigating the effect of individual tasks or short-term task-based treatments on second language (L2) development, no studies to date have synthesized the effects of long-term implementation of TBLT in authentic language classrooms. The present study uses meta-analytic techniques to investigate the effectiveness of TBLT programs on L2 learning. Findings based on a sample of 52 studies revealed an overall positive and strong effect (d = 0.93) for TBLT implementation on a variety of learning outcomes. The study further examined a range of programmatic and methodological features that moderated these main-effects (program region, institution type, needs analysis, and cycles of implementation). Additionally, synthesizing across both quantitative and qualitative data, results also showed positive stakeholder perceptions towards TBLT programs. The study concludes with implications for the domain of TBLT implementation, language program evaluation, and future research in this domain.

At the turn of the new millennium, in an article published in Language Teaching Research in 2000, Dörnyei and Kormos proposed that ‘active learner engagement is a key concern’ for all instructed language learning. Since then, language engagement research has increased exponentially. In this article, we present a systematic review of 20 years of language engagement research. To ensure robust coverage, we searched 21 major journals on second language acquisition (SLA) and applied linguistics and identified 112 reports satisfying our inclusion criteria. The results of our analysis of these reports highlighted the adoption of heterogeneous methods and conceptual frameworks in the language engagement literature, as well as indicating a need to refine the definitions and operationalizations of engagement in both quantitative and qualitative research. Based on these findings, we attempted to clarify some lingering ambiguity around fundamental definitions, and to more clearly delineate the scope and target of language engagement research. We also discuss future avenues to further advance understanding of the nature, mechanisms, and outcomes resulting from engagement in language learning.

The current study investigates how foreign language enjoyment (FLE), foreign language classroom anxiety (FLCA) and attitude/motivation (AM) of 360 learners of English, German, French and Spanish in a Kuwaiti university was shaped over the course of one semester by three teacher behaviours: frequency of using the foreign language (FL) in class, predictability and frequency of joking. Linear mixed modelling revealed a positive relationship between the three teacher behaviours and FLE as well as AM, but no significant relationship emerged with FLCA. Multiple comparison analyses showed that levels of FLE dropped significantly among students whose teacher joked very infrequently and infrequently. It thus seems that the absence of teacher jokes had a delayed cumulative effect on FLE. No interaction effects were found with time for FLCA and for AM. We conclude that teacher behaviours affect both AM and FLE, and that frequency of joking actually shapes FLE over time.

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En los países más desarrollados, la tecnología digital ha sustituido de modo casi completo a la analógica en los ámbitos de producción del discurso escrito (correspondencia personal, comercial y empresarial, textos académicos y científicos, publicaciones editoriales) y su transmisión (correo electrónico, internet); sólo en su recepción sigue manteniéndose vivo el soporte analógico (papel, libro, revista), si bien también han aumentado los formatos de comunicación on line. Quizá nunca desaparezcan determinados documentos como certificados, testamentos o contratos con firmas manuscritas, porque ofrecen prestaciones irremplazables –¡aunque en España ya exista legislación sobre sus correspondientes digitales!–. Pero hoy es incuestionable la supremacía de lo digital, y si a lo largo de nuestra historia un cambio de tecnología comunicativa supuso evolución en las formas de vida, ¿qué nos puede deparar lo digital?, ¿cómo cambiará nuestra sociedad, país, ciudad, etc.?, ¿qué implicaciones tendrá el salto de una tecnología tan física, como la analógica, a otra de mucho más mental, como la digital? Y a la escuela: ¿qué le espera?, ¿qué cambios debe adoptar para adaptarse a este nuevo contexto?2 Ésta es mi reflexión breve y provisional sobre el impacto que esta nueva expansión tecnológica va a tener en el ámbito de la enseñanza de la composición. Sin voluntad futuróloga ni afán proselitista, esbozaré algunos cambios que se están generando, así como sus consecuencias en la organización social y en la enseñanza. 

VV. AA. (2022)

n the United States, heritage language speakers represent approximately 22 percent of the population and 29 percent of the school-age population. Until now, though, few studies have examined the outcomes of classroom teaching of heritage languages.

Outcomes of University Spanish Heritage Language Instruction in the United States sheds light on the effectiveness of specific instructional methods for college-level heritage learners. The first of its kind, this volume addresses how receiving heritage classroom instruction affects Spanish speakers on multiple levels, including linguistic, affective, attitudinal, social, and academic outcomes. Examining outcomes of instruction in the Spanish language—the most common heritage language in the United States—provides insights that can be applied to instruction in other heritage languages.

CONTENTS
Introduction: Why and How to Examine Outcomes of Heritage Language Instruction
Melissa A. Bowles

Part I: Morphosyntactic Outcomes

1. Modality Matters! A Look at Task-Based Outcomes
Julio Torres

2. The Differential Effects of Three Types of Form-Focused Computer-Based Grammar Instruction: The Case of Receptive Heritage Learners
Sara M. Beaudrie and Bonnie C. Holmes

3. Effects of Instruction on Specific Measures of Accuracy in Spanish Heritage Learners' Writing
Adrián Bello-Uriarte

4. The Secret Is in The Processing: Categorizing How Heritage Learners of Spanish Process
Celia Chomón Zamora

5. What Type of Knowledge Do Implicit and Explicit Heritage Language Instruction Result In?
Sara Fernández Cuenca and Melissa A. Bowles

Part II: Social and Educational Outcomes

6. "Incorporating Our Own Traditions and Our Own Ways of Trying to Learn the Language": Beginning-Level Spanish as a Heritage Language Students' Perception of Their SHL Learning Experience
Damián Vergara Wilson

7. Beyond Registers of Formality and Other Categories of Stigmatization: Style, Awareness, and Agency in SHL Education
Claudia Holguín Mendoza

8. Toward an Understanding of the Relationship between Heritage Language Programs and Latinx Student Retention and Graduation: An Exploratory Case Study
Josh Prada and Diego Pascual y Cabo

9. Heritage and Second Language Learners' Voices and Views on Mixed Classes and Separate Tracks
Florencia G. Henshaw

Afterword: Studying Outcomes to Bridge the Gap between Teaching and Learning
Maria M. Carreira

Recent findings indicate that native speakers (L1) use grammatical gender marking on articles to facilitate the processing of upcoming nouns. Conversely, adult second language (L2) learners for whom grammatical gender is absent in their first language appear to need near-native proficiency to behave like native speakers. The question addressed here is whether sensitivity to grammatical gender in L2 learners of Spanish is modulated by the cognate status of nouns due to their heightened parallel orthographic, phonological, morpho-syntactic and semantic activation. Additionally, the role of transparent and non-transparent word-final gender marking cues was examined because past studies have shown that native speakers of Spanish are sensitive to differences in gender transparency. Participants were English learners of Spanish and Spanish monolingual speakers. Data were collected using the visual world paradigm. Participants saw 2-picture visual scenes in which objects either matched in gender (same-gender trials) or mismatched (different-gender trials). Targets were embedded in the preamble Encuentra el/la ___ ‘Find the ___’. The monolingual group displayed an anticipatory effect on different gender trials, replicating past studies that show that native speakers use grammatical gender information encoded in prenominal modifiers predictively. The learners were able to use gender information on the articles to facilitate processing, but only when the nouns had gender endings that were transparent. Cognate status did not confer an advantage during grammatical gender processing

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